Articles by Dick Kooiman

Communalism and Indian Princely States A Comparison with British India Dick Kooiman In the study of communalism, the colonial policy of separate electorates for religious minorities has often been put forward as a powerful explanatory factor But a comparison of British India and the princely states of Baroda and Travanc'ore, which had no separate electorates, suggests that such arrangements had less influence on the formation of communal identities than has generally been assumed. Rather, the demand for separate electorates may have been an effect rather than a cause of communalism.

February 8, 1986 in the only mplti-lingual state of the country. Appropriate constitutional and institutional arrangements and conventions need be devised to evolve a composite and harmonious personality of the state, in which not only all regional identities have opportunities to grow but in which diversities within regions are also taken care of. Thus while Ladakh deserves a regional status with a fair measure of autonomy, Buddhists of Leh and Shia Muslims of Kargil should be enabled to share power as equal partners in the region. Gujars and the Pahari ethnic groups likewise have a distinct entity in the Jammu part of Kashmir, mostly living around the line of actual control. Measures to promote their emotional and cultural self- sufficiency should also be treated as part of border security programme.

Many historians have argued that it was largely the challenge posed by christian missionaries in the nineteenth century that provoked the contemporary social reform movement, the leadership of which gradually moved into the hands of nationalist intellectuals and social workers from all parts of India. Following that line of reasoning, the missionaries ' main contribution may have been to start a movement to purge Hindu society of its most glaring social evils as well as to stimulate a revival and resurgence of Hindu belief and practices, about the last thing the missionaries could have wanted.

It is these unintended but nevertheless far-reaching effects of missionary activity that form the main theme of this study of the London Missionary Society (LMS) in nineteenth century Travancore

Unions in Bengal, 1920-1924 Sonat Bose Barring a few exceptions, in most cases the labour movement in Bengal spontaneously emerged as an inevitable manifestation of class struggle, a phenomenon about which the political leaders participate ing in the labour movement did not have a clear idea.